It is finally time to get back to something I mentioned in an earlier Beeronomics post and something that was posed to me as a bit of a puzzle by Full Sail's John Harris: why are there no major new entrants into the craft brewing industry in Oregon? Think about the big players: Deschutes, Bridgeport, Full Sail, Widmer, MacTarnahans, Rogue...these have all been around for at least 15 years (I think). So why was there a sudden burst of new breweries and then ... nothing? (NB: I am aware of Caldera, Terminal Gravity and the fact that many smaller places get some 22oz bottles out - but I am thinking only of larger brewers).I don't know the exact answer obviously, but I can think of a few economic theories that could help explain the phenomenon.
The first is the relatively high fixed cost of starting a brewery the scale of Deschutes, Full Sail, Bridgeport, etc. This takes a sizable investment and the investment won't be made if the size of the market new brewers can carve out for themselves is small. This is in contrast to an industry where fixed costs are very low (blogging for example) and even a very tiny market is enough to justify the small cost.
The second are the rigidities in the distribution and retail sales of beer, some created by law (having to use a distributor) and others created by the vagaries of retail groceries (competition for shelf space). It is hard to get distribution and shelf space which again makes it hard to justify the start-up costs.
[By the way, this makes Ninkasi's strategy very intelligent. By starting as a distributing brewery in kegs only, apparently they can distribute themselves, now that they have established a reputation, grabbing market share with bottles should be a bit easier. Plus the overhead is a lot lower in kegs than in bottles (save for the kegs themselves, which are becoming more and more valuable as scrap metal). ]
The third is the fact that beer is an 'experience good' (something I have mentioned before) which means that people have to actually consume it to tell how good it is. Thus the purchase if an unknown beer carries risk for the consumer and, in general, people avoid risk.
Finally, entry deterrence by established breweries probably plays a role. This has been found in the behavior of the macrobreweries, but might also be true with the littler ones as well. To prevent new entrants, established breweries can do a number of things. They can lower price when a new entrant arrives and even take a short term loss to try and prevent the establishment of a long term competitor. They can also increase capacity more than is necessary. This can be an entry deterrent because it means that a brewery can increase output with no fixed cost whereas a new entrant would have to incur a fixed cost to enter, thus the excess capacity is a commitment device that signals it will compete fiercely against a new entrant.
To sum up then, the first breweries each got a significant market share of a relatively untapped market (a first-mover advantage perhaps), but subsequent breweries have to face high fixed costs, constraints on outlets, struggles of getting customers to try their beer and possibly strategic behavior by other breweries.
I think these theories can also help explain the explosion of brewpubs rather than distributing breweries. Yes, fixed costs are high, but you create your own sales outlet and are competing not just on beer alone, but location, food, atmosphere, etc.
Mmmm, I'm thirsty...
